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As the flame races through the combustion chamber, the unburned gases ahead of it are further compressed and are heated to high temperatures. Coach Outlet GHD Under certain conditions, the extreme heating of the unburned part of the mixture may cause it to ignite spontaneously and explode. This rapid uncontrolled burning in the final stage of combustion is called detonation (fig. 57). It is caused by the rapidly burning flame front compressing the unburned part of the mixture to the point of self-ignition. GHD Straighteners This secondary wave front collides with the normal wave front and makes an audible knock. It is an uncontrolled explosion, causing the confined gases in the combustion chamber to rap against the cylinder and head walls. Knock, or ping, results. GHD Hair Straighteners Detonation may harm an engine or hinder its performance in several ways. In extreme cases, pistons have been shattered, rings broken, cylinders burst, or heads cracked. Other effects of detonation may be overheating of the engine, broken spark plugs, overloaded bearings, high fuel consumption, MBT GHD loss of power, and frequent need for rebuild. d. Octane Rating.

The ability of a fuel to resist detonation is measured by its octane rating. MBT Shoes The octane rating of a fuel is determined by matching it against mixtures of normal heptane and iso-octane in a test engine and under specified test conditions until a mixture of the pure hydrocarbons is found which gives the same degree of knocking in the engine as the gasoline being tested. Skechers Shape Ups The octane number of the gasoline is, then, the percent of the iso-octane in the matching iso-octane normal-heptane mixture. For example, a gasoline rating 75 octane is equivalent in its knocking characteristics to a mixture of 75 percent isooctane and 25 percent normal heptane. Hair Straighteners Thus, by definition, normal heptane has an octane number of zero and iso-octane has an octane number of 100. The tendency of a fuel to detonate varies in different engines and in the same engine under different operating conditions. GHD Hair Straightener Octane number has nothing to do with starting qualities, potential energy, volatility, or other major characteristics.